Employment

• Employment Status
• NSSO Unemployment-  Rate - 6.1 %
• LFPR decline - 36.9 % from 39.5 % f11
• Rural -3.6, U- 0.1 decline
• Gender gap M = 1.5 x F salary
• MSDE - Tech / vocational edu - 4.5 % , Korea 96%
• APSE survey- Contract & casual worker - 53% f18 from 36% f14 
• Unemployment among youth - 18%
• ES- 55-60 lakh job/y needed 
• SDG 8 - Decent Work & eco growth 
• SDG - 1,2,10 - Reduce Inequality 
• Decent employment - Job contract, paid leave, social security  
• Why low Unemployment
• Slowdown: 6.8%, automobile, real state, banking, etc.
• voluntary unemployment > low paying jobs
• Underemployment: PhD for peon vacancies
• NITI 3 YAA- underemployment, voluntary unemployment - larger problem
• X industry-academia cohesion
• 4.4% of urban youth have technical/vocational education.
• Skill mismatch
• Growth of service which is not labor-intensive.
• Growth of capital intensive industry like automobile
• Export competition from N like Bangladesh, Vietnam
• Solution 
• N career service pro (jobseeker online platform)
• MUDRA , Startup & Stand Up India, Make in India Program, MGNREGA, Special package for textile and apparel sector, Skill India Mission, DDUGKY, SETU
• Labor Reform, N employment Policy
• Cluster based development - CEmploZ
• 'Nourishing Dwarf to bcom Giants' - Ecosurvey 2018-19
• Employment elastic sectors like textile, leather, Constr. 
• Labor intensive sector- FPI, furniture, footwear, 
• organized sector to create well paid decent jobs
• skilling youth, global level
• exports expansion - better quality and technology
• Incentivize industries - corporate T, GST relaxation 
• Public investments & public jobs - health, edu, admin
• increase participation of women in workforce.

• Low Female LFPR
• WB - 35 % (f94) to 20.2%(f12)
• Meghalaya - 50% , Bihar -4% 
• Reason
• Eco- Mechanization, credit, skilling & specialization, Inc HH income, MGNREGA  
• Socio- Increasing Edu years, glass ceiling, unsafe envi, patriarchy (hh work), maternity law 
• Steps taken

• SHWW Act (Vishaka guideline)- She- Box - 1091 
• Entre- Stand-up, MUDRA
• women in night shift + safety - Factory Act advisory 
• Equal wages - Equal remuneration act, MW act
• Unemployment Data 
• NSSO started PLFS replace employment & unemployment survey 
• quarterly updated
• Annual estimates (r & u)
• Use of tech tablet survey  
• real wages in agriculture (average of all agricultural occupations) declined by 0.5% per annum in the two years to June 2019, whereas non-agricultural wages were stagnant. 
• Skill India mission - PMKVY
• Under skilled workforce <4.5%>, unemployment, DD ,
• National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,2015 to skill 40 cr by 2022.
• demand driven & reward based
• 37 lakh trained, 10 lakh placed
• knowledge& innovation based economy,
• Issues
• Poor accreditation - QCI - x following NCVT norm wrt faculty , infra
• Convergence, coordination - multiple SSC,state skill sch
• MSDE funding cut - Underutilization 
• Industry-  x wage differential to skilled labor, low abs
• Integration - formal edu, industry, MSME
• ITI- 2.5 lakh seat vacant
• Sharda Prasad - Overlap & COI in SSC 
• WF
• Harness NRI talent pool for mentor - VAJRA
• PPP training inst like Ind Inst of skills 
• Local body for skill mapping DB
• Convergence with other sch - ex preference in mudra
• Global Skill park (ADB, Bhopal , $150 mn)
• Sharda Prasad - Accountability in SSC, oversight mech on NSDC - sec 25, strengthen ITI, NSDA, Universalize NSQF
• OECD - World Indicator of skill for employ (wise)
• Niti - SATH - sustainable action for Transforming human act

Labour reform

• ILO - 77% of Ind worker in vulnerable enviro
• 90 % no social security cover 
• Concurrent List
• Minimum wage, social security, safety, health, simplification, employment generation 
• Labour law simplification 
• 2nd labour com - amalgamation , rationalization , simplification 
• WISO 
• Organized enterprise - registered under factories act , 1948 , 20 or more w/o electricity - 10 + 
• Labour code on wages Bill , 2019 - passed
• Labour code on industrial relation 
• Limit raised from 100 to 300 for govt approval before layoff
• 10 % worker apply - trade union 
• Labour code on Social security and welfare 
• Occupation safety , health & working condition -

• Minimum Wage
• Non uniform criteria -Cost of living + variable DA , 
• MW act - not cover all worker (1/3 out)
• Gender discrimination - (Domestic help vs security guard)
• Sate wise & sector variance  
• Anoop Satpathy - Inflation adjusted, Non-food items & HRA, Single value,  in round number (easy dissemination), research unit in MLE   
• Labour code on wages Bill, 2019 passed

• Fixed term employment 
• Statutory benefits, 2w notice after 3-month service
• Life hood security, commercial competitiveness, job creation, acctblty 
• x Short term employment shortage 
• Issues
• Hire & fire, against SC judgement,
• Removal of safety net(factory act, contract labour act)
• disinsentevize regularization, industry bcom sweatshop,
• maruti Suzuki incident - conflict due to low wage 
• contract labour, trade union role 
• Transparency & consensual manner 
• Arjun sengupta com - formal worker who have contract ,