Fedralism - Cooperative & Competitive

Federal Features	Dual polity at center and State Written Constitution Division of Powers Supremacy of the Constitution Rigid Constitution Independent Judiciary Bicameralism
Unitary Features	Strong Centre Integrated Judiciary Single Constitution States Not indestructible Flexibility of constitution Emergency Provision All India Services No Equality of State Representation Single Citizenship Integrated Audit Machinery Parliament's Authority over State List Appointment of Governor Integrated Election machinery Veto Over state bills

About Federalism	Union of states and not Federation  Indestructible Union of Destructible states SR Bommai case of 1994: Federalism is the basic feature of the Constitution Within the spheres allotted to them the states are supreme Reason for adopting Federalism: Large size of the country Socio-cultural diversity Effective governance Reunites integrity with regionalism
Federalism	is like a rainbow each color is separated yet together they make a harmonious pattern Based on the principle of unity and cooperation

Competitive Federalism	A system which allows State to compete and there by provide highest quality products at cheapest prices Different level of governments competing with each other there by good governance Not the part of Basic structure.
Benefits of Competitive federalism	Force multiplier for cooperative federalism Bottom up approach Promotes competition Addresses political concern Promotes innovation More investment opportunities
Examples	Smart Cities Investors Summit Emerging East, Vibrant Gujrat, Progressive west, Land reforms GJ, MH, RJ, AP, UP Labour reforms Performance based Grants  Niti Ayaog (mandate) Earlier AP and KN Swachha Sarvekshan index (min of Urban deve. and quality council of India) Index for Education Ease of doing business among states Innovation index Health Index Water Quality Index Education Index
Challenges	Increased Complexity Hindrance to investment Protest Speculative Social Externalities Inter and intra regional inequalities may aggravates No clear evidences and policy Corruption Not a basic structure
Conclusion	Not a panacea Just an engine of growth Centre must keep interest of Backward states in mind Competitive federalism a force multiplier to achieve the objective of cooperative federalism Synergy: Cooperative and Competitive federalism Should work in context of shared National Objective

Cooperative federalism	Administrative cooperation of centre and state government Part of basic structure
Facilitators of CF	Till 1991 constitution was federal without federal experience  After 1991 Regional parties coalition democracy Media and civil society Judicial activism like Bommai case (1994) concept of state rights
Features of CF	Concurrent list AIS Mutual delegation Zonal council New features: Finances: 15th FC Coal auction: money to states GST council Reorganization of CSS core of the core and optional schemes etc Foreign policy: Provincial leaders forum CM's accompanying PM Other needs: TN-Sri Lanka Pakistan-Kashmir Administrative: NITI  Centre-State Investment Agreement to facilitate seamless execution of BRTAs More than 9 state have adopted UDAY scheme including UP Bihar prioritised for health, energy and panchyats where MP and RJ focusing on energy and social security Coal Auction would go to state International Provincial Leaders Forum Chief minister of AP and MH Mamata Bangaldesh Role of Rajya Sabha GST Council 2/3rd of states and 1/3 centre Most of decision based on consensus Inter-state council article 263 Part of basic structure Model Act Support Reorganising CSS, Flexibility
	States should work with in the context of shared national objective
Benefits
Challenges	centralization Article 3, concurrent list etc Inter state and center state disputes Emergence of majority government at the center