Poverty
• UNHRC -Human condition characterized by sustained / chronic deprivation of resources , capacity etc - which is necessary for basic standard of living
• 2011 - Tendulakar - 21.19%
• Rangarajan - 29%
• SECC - 49% HH poor - facing some or other kind of deprivation
• 75 % HH < 5k /month
• Abs poverty - does not have minimum amount of income for 1 or more basic needs
• Relative poverty - determined by govt differ from country 2 country
• Individual - result of individual failure laziness, dullness , ineffectiveness , poverty good to society, Max weber - protestant ethics - indiv success through indiv hardwork , virtue
• Culture / subculture of poverty - way of life of poor or culture blocks the attempt of society to change value, norms , belief & lifestyle , Despite eco change poor remained so because of culture or subculture
• Social structure - social institution, our economy , law educational attainment , lack of employable skills, long term unemployment are causes
• Consequence - Health , Education , housing & homelessness, Family Problems, Economy
• Eco - agriculture - backward, low productivity, fragmentation, crop failure , disguised employment
• Industry - jobless growth , x infra, x MSME led growth , x skill, low eco growth,x entrepreneurship
• Social - exclusion , deprivation , resource crunch, x social security, inheritance
• Political -Brit hampered traditional industry, post Ind - planning failure, inefficient admin - corruption , leakages & pilferages in scheme
• Environment - CC induced stress , displacement, impact on agri
• Population pressure - 2.2% annum last 45%
• Amartya sen capability apporoach
• 5 freedom to built capabilty
• Political freedom - civil r
• Eco - access to credit
• Social - edu , healt
• Transparency in relation - p2p, p2g
• Social security & safety net
• Absence of any of these will push into poverty
• SDG -1 , preamble, A38 , 39 , Lorenz curve , GINI coeffecient
• Int organization -
• UNDP - SDG- inclusive growth
• FAO - food security , agri productivity
• ILO - Philadelphia declaration - poverty anywhere is a danger to prosperity everywhere .
• WB, oxfam
• Solution - Govt - MGNREGA , PMAY , NULM , NRLM, Rojgar protshan yojana , PMEGP, DDU-GKY, SKIll India, NFSA , Ayushman bharat
• UNDP MPI,2019 - Ind reduces
• Distributive strategy - irrigation - PMKSY - per drop more crop, rural road connectivity , Housing - PMAY(G,U), Rural electrification
• Specific strategy - wage employment scheme - MGNREGA, s employment scheme - swarn jyanti grameen sah - rozgar yojana, food security - TDPS, AAY, Skill development - DDU- Grameen kaushal, UBI
• Social security - aam admi bima yojana , universal health insurance scheme, swavalamban scheme, atal pension yojana
• Why ineffective
• Identification of targeted beneficiaries, implementation in scheme is problem
• Lack of awareness among masses due to illiteracy
• Lack of monitoring for efficacy , outcome
• Not involving civil society , grassroot NGO
• No feedback , social audit to plug leakages, improve delivery
• Overlap of schemes creating confusion , focus
• Accountability at different level
• Use modern tech , to capture info create database , enabling tracking mechanism for target group with proper checks & balance
Poverty calculation
• Dada bhai naoroji - estimated poverty in second half of 19th century
• N planning com - under JL Nehru set up by sc bose in 1938
• Working grp of planning com , 1962 - 100/month for HH
• Y k Alagh com , 1979 - based on starvation, ppl consuming less than 2100 calories in urban areas and 2400 in rural (inflation)
• Suresh Tendulkar com , 2005- by planning commission , broad based poverty line which included spending on edu , health , electricity & transport - nutrition intake - calories, Poverty line based on cost of living Rs 27 rural , Rs 33 urban daily/ capita, current poverty calculation based on
• SECC
• C Rangarajan com - increased cost of living/day to Rs 32 and 47 for rural & urban, poverty % - 30% or 40% crore poor
• Arvind Panagariya Task Force - to identify 'below povert line' (BPL), suggested participation of state, 4 methods (Tendulkar , Rangarajan, Bottom 30%, Bottom 30% on specific compared )
• Oxfam six sided strategy to overcome poverty
• Basic Human R - claim entitlement
• Gander justice - empower women
• Reduce risk to poor ppl in disaster
• Govt follow toward land & resources
• Global food system (hunger & wastage)
• Basic services like (health , edu , water etc.)
• Effective measure for poverty alleviation
• Distribution of income
• Encouraging pvt investment
• Raising resources & planning expenditure (I tax base)
• Containing inflation
• Creating independent banking institution
• Reframing disinvestment policy
• Creating employment - dissemination of knowledge in eco - technologic to cultivate
• Training in horticulture , tree plantation & use of unused land
• Creating artisans units in villages
• Establish micro enterprise for women
• Establish community facility centre
• Mobilizing role of NGOs in vlgs
• Distributive justice - tax evasion , Benami transaction removed
• Land productivity increase
• Controlling population growth
• Elimination of black money, decentralized planning & execution
Hunger
GHI -
Malnutrition - 15 % total disease burden
Pollution inc, agri d, natural calamity, poverty, PDSflows - diversion , inclusion , exclusion , leakages
TPDS cover only 55% of targeted HH
40% food grain leak into open market SK
• NFSA - 67% coverage - food availability , accessibility , affordability
• UNFAO - seed to plate approach
• FAO - climate resilient AGRI
• ICDS , MDM , bio fortification , NHM , 2nd GR, RUTF
• Shanta kumar com - pdf , food security
• UNHRC -Human condition characterized by sustained / chronic deprivation of resources , capacity etc - which is necessary for basic standard of living
• 2011 - Tendulakar - 21.19%
• Rangarajan - 29%
• SECC - 49% HH poor - facing some or other kind of deprivation
• 75 % HH < 5k /month
• Abs poverty - does not have minimum amount of income for 1 or more basic needs
• Relative poverty - determined by govt differ from country 2 country
• Individual - result of individual failure laziness, dullness , ineffectiveness , poverty good to society, Max weber - protestant ethics - indiv success through indiv hardwork , virtue
• Culture / subculture of poverty - way of life of poor or culture blocks the attempt of society to change value, norms , belief & lifestyle , Despite eco change poor remained so because of culture or subculture
• Social structure - social institution, our economy , law educational attainment , lack of employable skills, long term unemployment are causes
• Consequence - Health , Education , housing & homelessness, Family Problems, Economy
• Eco - agriculture - backward, low productivity, fragmentation, crop failure , disguised employment
• Industry - jobless growth , x infra, x MSME led growth , x skill, low eco growth,x entrepreneurship
• Social - exclusion , deprivation , resource crunch, x social security, inheritance
• Political -Brit hampered traditional industry, post Ind - planning failure, inefficient admin - corruption , leakages & pilferages in scheme
• Environment - CC induced stress , displacement, impact on agri
• Population pressure - 2.2% annum last 45%
• Amartya sen capability apporoach
• 5 freedom to built capabilty
• Political freedom - civil r
• Eco - access to credit
• Social - edu , healt
• Transparency in relation - p2p, p2g
• Social security & safety net
• Absence of any of these will push into poverty
• SDG -1 , preamble, A38 , 39 , Lorenz curve , GINI coeffecient
• Int organization -
• UNDP - SDG- inclusive growth
• FAO - food security , agri productivity
• ILO - Philadelphia declaration - poverty anywhere is a danger to prosperity everywhere .
• WB, oxfam
• Solution - Govt - MGNREGA , PMAY , NULM , NRLM, Rojgar protshan yojana , PMEGP, DDU-GKY, SKIll India, NFSA , Ayushman bharat
• UNDP MPI,2019 - Ind reduces
• Distributive strategy - irrigation - PMKSY - per drop more crop, rural road connectivity , Housing - PMAY(G,U), Rural electrification
• Specific strategy - wage employment scheme - MGNREGA, s employment scheme - swarn jyanti grameen sah - rozgar yojana, food security - TDPS, AAY, Skill development - DDU- Grameen kaushal, UBI
• Social security - aam admi bima yojana , universal health insurance scheme, swavalamban scheme, atal pension yojana
• Why ineffective
• Identification of targeted beneficiaries, implementation in scheme is problem
• Lack of awareness among masses due to illiteracy
• Lack of monitoring for efficacy , outcome
• Not involving civil society , grassroot NGO
• No feedback , social audit to plug leakages, improve delivery
• Overlap of schemes creating confusion , focus
• Accountability at different level
• Use modern tech , to capture info create database , enabling tracking mechanism for target group with proper checks & balance
Poverty calculation
• Dada bhai naoroji - estimated poverty in second half of 19th century
• N planning com - under JL Nehru set up by sc bose in 1938
• Working grp of planning com , 1962 - 100/month for HH
• Y k Alagh com , 1979 - based on starvation, ppl consuming less than 2100 calories in urban areas and 2400 in rural (inflation)
• Suresh Tendulkar com , 2005- by planning commission , broad based poverty line which included spending on edu , health , electricity & transport - nutrition intake - calories, Poverty line based on cost of living Rs 27 rural , Rs 33 urban daily/ capita, current poverty calculation based on
• SECC
• C Rangarajan com - increased cost of living/day to Rs 32 and 47 for rural & urban, poverty % - 30% or 40% crore poor
• Arvind Panagariya Task Force - to identify 'below povert line' (BPL), suggested participation of state, 4 methods (Tendulkar , Rangarajan, Bottom 30%, Bottom 30% on specific compared )
• Oxfam six sided strategy to overcome poverty
• Basic Human R - claim entitlement
• Gander justice - empower women
• Reduce risk to poor ppl in disaster
• Govt follow toward land & resources
• Global food system (hunger & wastage)
• Basic services like (health , edu , water etc.)
• Effective measure for poverty alleviation
• Distribution of income
• Encouraging pvt investment
• Raising resources & planning expenditure (I tax base)
• Containing inflation
• Creating independent banking institution
• Reframing disinvestment policy
• Creating employment - dissemination of knowledge in eco - technologic to cultivate
• Training in horticulture , tree plantation & use of unused land
• Creating artisans units in villages
• Establish micro enterprise for women
• Establish community facility centre
• Mobilizing role of NGOs in vlgs
• Distributive justice - tax evasion , Benami transaction removed
• Land productivity increase
• Controlling population growth
• Elimination of black money, decentralized planning & execution
Hunger
GHI -
Malnutrition - 15 % total disease burden
Pollution inc, agri d, natural calamity, poverty, PDSflows - diversion , inclusion , exclusion , leakages
TPDS cover only 55% of targeted HH
40% food grain leak into open market SK
• NFSA - 67% coverage - food availability , accessibility , affordability
• UNFAO - seed to plate approach
• FAO - climate resilient AGRI
• ICDS , MDM , bio fortification , NHM , 2nd GR, RUTF
• Shanta kumar com - pdf , food security
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